1. Home
  2. Vol 7, No 3 (2023)
  3. Skýpalová

Human Resource Management across Generations within the Context of World of Work 4.0

Renta Skýpalová, Hana Stojanová, Hermann Troger, Zdeněk Caha

Abstract


The aim of the paper is to evaluate the expectations of cohorts of workers from Generations X, Y, and Z with regards to their perceptions of what a "good workplace" is. Two research questions were formulated accordingly. Respondents representing workers from Generations X, Y, and Z, from Italy and Austria, were asked to consider and rate (on a 1-5 scale) eighteen criteria on work environment and managerial approach. Multi-sample testing was applied during processing with the ANOVA and Shapiro-Wilk and the Kruskal-Wallis test was subsequently used for multi-sample testing. The findings show that the most popular criterion for all three generational cohorts is "good work atmosphere", followed by "all employees are valued, treated, and rewarded fairly". Interestingly, generational differences were observed for "customer orientation", which was more important for Generation X, and "autonomous organization of work (time)", which was more important for Generations Y and Z. The most surprising result was the significance of corporate image, with less than 4% identifying this as an important issue across all three generations. These findings can help human resource managers create appropriate working environments and motivational tools that meet the real expectations of employees.

 

Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-013

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Generation Cohort; The Kruskal-Wallis Test; Employee Expectations; Work Environment.

References


Dwyer, R. J., & Azevedo, A. (2016). Preparing leaders for the multi-generational workforce. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 10(3), 281–305. doi:10.1108/jec-08-2013-0025.

Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2018). Leadership and generations at work: A critical review. Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 44–57. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.09.004.

Stojanová, H., Tomšík, P., & Tesařová, E. (2015). The Approach to the Work Mobility in Generation Y – Enthusiasm for Change – Enthusiasm for Change. Human Resources Management & Ergonomics, IX(1), 83–96.

Cho, Y. H., & Lee, J.-H. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial education and performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 124–134. doi:10.1108/apjie-05-2018-0028.

Frunzaru, V., & Cismaru, D. M. (2018). The impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation and education on generation Z’s intention towards entrepreneurship. Kybernetes, 50(7), 1969–1981. doi:10.1108/K-05-2018-0272.

Murnieks, C. Y., Klotz, A. C., & Shepherd, D. A. (2020). Entrepreneurial motivation: A review of the literature and an agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 115–143. doi:10.1002/job.2374.

Murphy Jr, E. F., & Gibson, J. W. (2010). Analyzing Generational Values Among Sustainable Organizational Effectiveness. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 75(1), 33-55.

McLaren, J. (2017). Globalization and labor market dynamics. Annual Review of Economics, 9, 177–200. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103720.

Ravallion, M. (2018). Inequality and globalization: A review essay. Journal of Economic Literature, 56(2), 620–642. doi:10.1257/jel.20171419.

Husic, J. B., Melero, F. J., Barakovic, S., Lameski, P., Zdravevski, E., Maresova, P., Krejcar, O., Chorbev, I., Garcia, N. M., & Trajkovik, V. (2020). Aging at work: A review of recent trends and future directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20). doi:10.3390/ijerph17207659.

Lim, D. H., Hur, H., Ho, Y., Yoo, S., & Yoon, S. W. (2020). Workforce Resilience: Integrative Review for Human Resource Development. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 33(1), 77–101. doi:10.1002/piq.21318.

Ruksana, S., & Ahmed, B. (2019). Developing leaders in VUCA: a case study. International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research, 6(1), 16-18.

Cameron, E. A., & Pagnattaro, M. A. (2017). Beyond Millennials: Engaging Generation Z in Business Law Classes. Journal of Legal Studies Education, 34(2), 317–324. doi:10.1111/jlse.12064.

Stillman, D., & Stillman, J. (2017). Gen Z@ work: How the next generation is transforming the workplace. HarperCollins, New York, United States.

Butterick, M., & Charlwood, A. (2021). HRM and the COVID-19 pandemic: How can we stop making a bad situation worse? Human Resource Management Journal, 31(4), 847–856. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12344.

Bailey, K., & Breslin, D. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic: What can we learn from past research in organizations and management? International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(1), 3–6. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12237.

Seliverstova, Y. (2021). Workforce diversity management: A systematic literature review. Strategic Management, 26(2), 3–11. doi:10.5937/straman2102003s.

Samdanis, M., & Özbilgin, M. (2020). The Duality of an Atypical Leader in Diversity Management: The Legitimization and Delegitimization of Diversity Beliefs in Organizations. International Journal of Management Reviews, 22(2), 101–119. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12217.

Köllen, T. (2021). Diversity Management: A Critical Review and Agenda for the Future. Journal of Management Inquiry, 30(3), 259–272. doi:10.1177/1056492619868025.

Urick, M. J., Hollensbe, E. C., & Fairhurst, G. T. (2017). Differences in Understanding Generation in the Workforce. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 15(3), 221–240. doi:10.1080/15350770.2017.1329583.

Weber, J., & Urick, M. J. (2017). Examining the Millennials’ Ethical Profile: Assessing Demographic Variations in Their Personal Value Orientations. Business and Society Review, 122(4), 469–506. doi:10.1111/basr.12128.

Smith, D. N., Roebuck, D., & Elhaddaoui, T. (2016). Organizational Leadership and Work-Life Integration: Insights from Three Generations of Men. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(1), 54. doi:10.17062/cjil.v2i1.31.

Urick, M. (2017). Adapting training to meet the preferred learning styles of different generations. International Journal of Training and Development, 21(1), 53–59. doi:10.1111/ijtd.12093.

Crampton, S. M., & Hodge, J. W. (2007). Generations in the workplace: Understanding age diversity. The Business Review, 9(1), 16-22.

Johnson, J. A., & Lopes, J. (2008). The intergenerational workforce, revisited. Organization Development Journal, 26(1), 30.

Salahuddin, M. M. (2010). Generational Differences Impact on Leadership Style and Organizational Success. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 5(2). doi:10.19030/jdm.v5i2.805.

Wey Smola, K., & Sutton, C. D. (2002). Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 363–382. doi:10.1002/job.147.

Patota, N., Schwartz, D. and Schwartz, T. (2007). Leveraging generational differences for productivity gains. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 11(2), 1-11.

Lyons, S., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2005). Are gender differences in basic human values a generational phenomenon? Sex Roles, 53(9–10), 763–778. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7740-4.

Beekman, T. (2011). Fill in the generation gap: in exploring the traits that distinguish the different generations within your workforce, you'll find some ideas regarding how you can get them to work together effectively. Strategic Finance, 93(3), 15-18.

Whitney Gibson, J., Greenwood, R. A., & Murphy, Jr., E. F. (2009). Generational Differences in the Workplace: Personal Values, Behaviors, and Popular Beliefs. Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 4(3), 1–8. doi:10.19030/jdm.v4i3.4959.

Jones, J. S., Murray, S. R., & Tapp, S. R. (2018). Generational Differences in the Workplace. Journal of Business Diversity, 18(2). doi:10.33423/jbd.v18i2.528.

Lamm, E., & Meeks, M. D. (2009). Workplace fun: The moderating effects of generational differences. Employee Relations, 31(6), 613–631. doi:10.1108/01425450910991767.

Cennamo, L., & Gardner, D. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person‐organisation values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 891–906. doi:10.1108/02683940810904385.

Korn, K. J. M. (2010). A second look at generational differences in the workforce: Implications for HR and talent management. People and Strategy, 33(2), 50.

Treuren, G., & Anderson, K. (2010). The Employment Expectations of Different Age Cohorts: Is Generation Y Really that Different? Australian Journal of Career Development, 19(2), 49–61. doi:10.1177/103841621001900207.

Viswanathan, V., & Jain, V. (2013). A dual-system approach to understanding “generation Y” decision making. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(6), 484–492. doi:10.1108/JCM-07-2013-0649.

Baralt, L., Carian, E. K., Johnson, A. L., Lim, S., & Yoon, S. Y. (2020). Millennials and Gender in an Era of Growing Inequality. Sociological Perspectives, 63(3), 452–460. doi:10.1177/0731121420915870.

Niemiec, S. (2000). Finding common ground for all ages. Security distributing and marketing, 30(3), 81.

Setyono, J. C., Suryawidjaja, W. S., & Girsang, A. S. (2022). Social Network Analysis of Cryptocurrency using Business Intelligence Dashboard. HighTech and Innovation Journal, 3(2), 220-229. doi:10.28991/HIJ-2022-03-02-09.

Crampton, S. M., & Hodge, J. W. (2006). The supervisor and generational differences. Allied Academies International Conference, Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, Proceedings, 11(2), 19-22.

Meriac, J. P., Woehr, D. J., & Banister, C. (2010). Generational differences in work ethic: An examination of measurement equivalence across three cohorts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 315–324. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9164-7.

Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2010). Generational archetypes. Life Course Associates. Washington, United States. Available online: https://www.lifecourse.com/about/method/generational-archetypes.html (accessed on April 2023).

Constantine, G. (2010). Tapping into Generation Y: Nine ways community financial institutions can use technology to capture young customers. A First Data White Paper. Kubera. Available online: https://www.kuberapayments.com/blog/tapping-into-generation-y-nine-ways-community-financial-institutions-can-use-technology-to-capture-young-customers (accessed on March 2023).

Bilgihan, A. (2016). Gen y customer loyalty in online shopping: An integrated model of trust, user experience and branding. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.014.

Aite Research Group. (2009). Engaging Gen Y: Cultivating a New Generation of Banking Customers. Aite Research Group, Boston, United States.

Families and Work Institute. (2004). Generation and gender in the workplace. Families and Work Institute, New York, United States.

Kopecký, L. (2013). Public relations: history-theory-practice. Grada Publishing as, Prague, Czech Republic. (In Czech).

Kubátová, J., & Kukelková, A. (2013). Intercultural differences in the work motivation of generation Y: the example of the Czech Republic and France. Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, Olomouc, Czechia.

Jiří, B. (2016). The employees of baby boomers generation, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z in selected Czech corporations as conceivers of development and competitiveness in their corporation. Journal of Competitiveness, 8(4), 105–123. doi:10.7441/joc.2016.04.07.

Fanaja, R. A., Pradana, M., Saputri, M. E., & Utami, D. G. (2023). Knowledge Management as Driver of Women’s Entrepreneurial Innovativeness. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 4(1), 1-9. doi:10.28991/HEF-2023-04-01-01.

Resei, C., Friedl, C., & Żur, A. (2018). MOOCs and entrepreneurship education-contributions, opportunities and gaps. International Entrepreneurship Review, 4(3), 151.

Murnieks, C. Y., Klotz, A. C., & Shepherd, D. A. (2019). Entrepreneurial motivation: A review of the literature and an agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 115–143. doi:10.1002/job.2374.

Spiegel, M. R., & Stephens, L. J. (2017). Schaum's outline of statistics. McGraw Hill Professional, New York, United States.

Blašková, V., Zámková, M., & Prokop, M. (2017). Differences among Colleges from the Perspective of Labour Market Applicability in the Czech Republic. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 16(Special Issue), 915-922.

Pilichowska, P. (2021). Human capital as a condition for the development of Industry 4.0 in the European Union countries. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society, 35(2), 9–26. doi:10.24917/20801653.352.1.

Do, T. T. P., & Luu, D. T. (2020). Origins and consequences of intrapreneurship with behaviour-based approach among employees in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(12), 3949–3969. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-05-2020-0491.

Dencker, J. C., Joshi, A., & Martocchio, J. J. (2008). Towards a theoretical framework linking generational memories to workplace attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 18(3), 180–187. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.07.007.

Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational Differences in Work Values: Leisure and Extrinsic Values Increasing, Social and Intrinsic Values Decreasing. Journal of Management, 36(5), 1117–1142. doi:10.1177/0149206309352246.

Becton, J. B., Walker, H. J., & Jones-Farmer, A. (2014). Generational differences in workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(3), 175–189. doi:10.1111/jasp.12208.

Skýpalová, R., Šikýř, M., & Urban, R. (2022). A study on employee experience with shift work. Economics Sociology, 15(3), 143–158. Internet Archive. doi:10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-3/8.

Ngamkroeckjoti, C., Klongthong, W., & Thavorn, J. (2022). Motivational factors influencing telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Science Journal, 6, 229-246. doi:10.28991/esj-2022-SPER-016.

Yang, S.-B., & Guy, M. E. (2006). Genxers versus Boomers: Work Motivators and Management Implications. Public Performance & Management Review, 29(3), 267–284. doi:10.2753/pmr1530-9576290302.

Montana, P. J., & Petit, F. (2011). Motivating And Managing Generation X And Y on the Job While Preparing For Z: A Market Oriented Approach. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 6(8). doi:10.19030/jber.v6i8.2459.

Deal, J. J. (2007). Retiring the generation gap: How employees young and old can find common ground. John Wiley & Sons, New York, United States.

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, S. M. (2011). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 39(2), 72–84. doi:10.1109/EMR.2011.5876178.

Lyons, S. T., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2007). An empirical assessment of generational differences in basic human values. Psychological Reports, 101(2), 339–352. doi:10.2466/PR0.101.2.339-352.

Wesner, M. S., & Miller, T. (2008). Boomers and millennials have much in common. Organization Development Journal, 26(3), 89.

Wong, M., Gardiner, E., Lang, W., & Coulon, L. (2008). Generational differences in personality and motivation: Do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 878–890. doi:10.1108/02683940810904376.

Levy, L., Carroll, B., Francoeur, J., & Logue, M. (2005). The generational mirage? A pilot study into the perceptions of leadership of Generations X and Y. Hudson Global Resources.

Stapleton, J. L., Wen, H. J., Starrett, D., & Kilburn, M. (2007). Generational differences in using online learning systems. Human Systems Management, 26(2), 99–109. doi:10.3233/hsm-2007-26203.

Weiss, A., & MacKay, N. (2009). The talent advantage: How to attract and retain the best and the brightest. John Wiley & Sons, New York, United States.

Verma, D., & Ahmad, A. (2016). Employer Branding: The Solution to Create Talented Workforce. The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 13(1), 42–56.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-013

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Renta Skýpalová